Concentrically braced frames are widely used in steel structures because of the increased stiffness, low cost, and ease of construction, compared to other lateral reinforcement systems. 

• The diagonal bracing members of braced frames are often hollow structural sections (HSS) because of their compression load efficiency and their aesthetic appearance. 

• These HSS connectors are either field-welded or field-bolted. 

• HSS members come in a wide range of section sizes and geometries.